UP Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poetry Figures Of Speech

UP Board Solutions

UP Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poetry Figures Of Speech

These Solutions are part of UP Board Solutions for Class 11 English. Here we have given UP Board Solutions for Class 11 English Poetry Figures Of Speech.

Figures of Speech यो ‘अलंकार’ शब्दों का ऐसा असाधारण प्रयोग है जो भाषा में सुन्दरता को पैदा करता है और उसके प्रभाव को और अधिक बढ़ाता है। मुख्य Figures of Speech की परिभाषाएँ एवं उदाहरण नीचे दिए गए हैं-

1. SIMILE (उपमा)

इसमें दो भिन्न-भिन्न समुदायों की दो.भिन्न-भिन्न वस्तुओं में किसी समान गुण की तुलना की जाती है। इसमें like, such as, just as, as….. as, so……as आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Definition : A simile expresses comparison between two unlike objects or events. Usually the comparison is expressed by using like, such as, just as, as….. as, so ….. as.

Examples :
1. I wandered lonely as a cloud.
2. Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream.
3. Rana Pratap was as brave as a lion.
4. The lake was clear as a crystal.
5. Errors like straws, upon the surface flow.
6. I could lie down like a tired child, and weep away the life of care.

उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों से स्पष्ट होता है कि Simile को पहचानने के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखना चाहिए-

1. Simile कभी भी एक ही जाति या समुदाय के दो व्यक्ति या वस्तुओं में नहीं होती, अपितु वे दोनों वस्तुएँ भिन्न-भिन्न जाति या समुदाय की होनी चाहिए। जैसे उदाहरण 1 में I की उपमा cloud से दी गई है। यदि I की उपमा किसी व्यक्ति से दी जाती, तब वह Simile नहीं होती।
2. उन दोनों वस्तुओं में समान गुण की तुलना की जानी चाहिए।
3. समानता बताने के लिए so, as, like, so…. as या as … as शब्दों का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।
Note : ध्यान रखें एक ही जाति या समुदाय के दो व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं की तुलना Simile नहीं होती।

2. METAPHOR( रूपक)

इसमें भी दो भिन्न-भिन्न समुदायों के प्राणी अथवा वस्तुओं में किसी समान गुण की तुलना तो की जाती है, किन्तु तुलना करने के लिए like, so, as …..as यो so…. as शब्दों का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
Definition : A Metaphor is an implied Simile.
 or 
In a Metaphor, two things are compared but the words of comparison are not used.
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. (Simile)
Childhood is a swiftly passing dream (Metaphor)

उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों में स्पष्ट होता है कि Metaphor मेंso, as, like आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग करके उसे Simile में बदला जा सकता है।

Note : Metaphor का प्रयोग Noun, Adjective या Verb में से किसी भी रूप में हो सकता है।

1. Noun के रूप में-
1. The camel is the ship of the desert.
2. The fire of passion made him blind.
3. A ray of hope is very valuable in the clouds of despair.
4. My son is the star of our family.
5. Lala Lajpat Rai was the lion of the Punjab.

2. Adjective के रूप में-
1. It is a golden opportunity for you.
2. My principal has iron courage.
3. It is a lame excuse.
4. A terrorist has a stony heart.
5. In winter the people don’t like piercing wind.

3. Verb के रूप में-
1. The waves thundered on the shore.
2. You are fond of blowing your own trumpet.

Note: ध्यान रखें यदि उपमा (Simile) वाले वाक्यों में से so, as, like जैसे शब्दों को हटा दें तब वह वाक्य रूपक (Metaphor) में बदला जा सकता है तथा so, as, like आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग करके उसे उपमा (Simile) में बदलता जा सकता है; जैसे-

1. Life is like a dream. (Simile)
Life is a dream. (Metaphor)
2. Rana Pratap was a lion in the fight. (Metaphor)
Rana Pratap fought like a lion. (Simile)

3. PERSONIFICATION (मानवीकरण)

जब किसी अदृश्य वस्तु या विचार को व्यक्ति के समान सजीव मान लेते हैं, तब वह मानवीकरण होता है; जैसे-
Opportunity knocks at the door but once.
‘अवसर केवल एक ही बार दरवाजा खटखटाता है। इस वाक्य में अवसर अदृश्य वस्तु है और वह खटखटाने का कार्य कर रहा है जो एक जीवित प्राणी का कार्य है, अतः यह मानवीकरण अलंकार हुआ।
Definition : In Personification lifeless objects and abstract ideas are thought of as living beings.

Examples:
1. Let not Ambition mock their useful toil.
2. Experience is the best teacher.
3. Authority forgets a dying king.
4. Death lays his icy hands on kings.
5. Anxiety is sitting on her face.

4. APOSTROPHE ( सम्बोधन)

इसमें किसी निर्जीव, अदृश्य वस्तु या विचार को या किसी मृत प्राणी को जीवित, दृश्य या उपस्थित मानकर सम्बोधन किया जाता है तथा उस वस्तु या व्यक्ति के पश्चात् कौमा (,) या सम्बोधन का चिह्न (!) भी अवश्य होता है या उससे पूर्व को लगा होता है; जैसे-

1.  O Death! Where is thy sting ?
2. O Liberty! What crimes have been committed in thy name ?
3. Milton! Thou should’st be living at this hour.

उपर्युक्त वाक्य 1 में मृत्यु को तथा वाक्य 2 में स्वतन्त्रता को सम्बोधन किया गया है जो दोनों वस्तुएँ निर्जीव . एवं अदृश्य हैं तथा वाक्य 3 में Milton को सम्बोधन किया गया है जो मृत प्राणी है। अत: इन वाक्यों में Apostrophe अलंकार का प्रयोग है।
Definition : In Apostrophe, we address a dead person or some lifeless thing or an abstract idea as a living person.

Examples:
1. Frailty! Thy name is woman.
2. Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean ………… Roll !
3. O Luxury! Thou ………… by heaven’s decree. (Goldsmith)
4. O Grave! Where is thy victory.
5. O Wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being. (Shelley)

Note: Personification और Apostrophe में केवल इतना भेद है कि Personification में निर्जीव वस्तुओं तथा विचारों को जीवित मान लिया जाता है और वे जीवित के से कार्य भी करते हैं, जबकि Apostrophe में मृत व्यक्ति, वस्तुओं या विचारों को जीवित के समान सम्बोधन करते हैं।

5. HYPERBOILE ( अतिशयोक्ति )

इस अलंकार में किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के गुणों को आवश्यकता से अधिक बढ़ाकर या घटाकर वर्णन किया जाता है; जैसे-
Belinda smiled and all the world was gay.
अर्थात् जब Belinda मुस्कराई तब पूरा संसार प्रसन्न हो गया। इससे स्पष्ट है कि Belinda के मुस्कराने से काफी लोग प्रसन्न हुए होंगे, किन्तु इस बात को इतना बढ़ा दिया गया कि पूरा संसारं प्रसन्न हो गया।
Definition : In Hyperbole, a statement is made emphatic by overstatement.

Examples:
1. She wept oceans of tears.
2. Rivers of blood flowed in the battle.
3. They build a nation’s pillars deep and lift them to the sky.
4. Ten thousand saw l at a glance.
5. They were swifter than eagles and stronger than lions.

Note: प्रायः जब कोई व्यक्ति कवि या नाटककार, साहित्यकार अपने कथन में किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तुओं को इतना अधिक बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर या घटाकर कहे जो सम्भव न हो तब उसे Hyperbole figure of speech कहते हैं।

6. OxYMORON ( विरोधाभास)

इसमें एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु में दो विरोधी गुण एक साथ दिए जाते हैं; जैसे-
James I was the wisest fool.
जेम्स प्रथम सबसे बुद्धिमान मूर्ख था अर्थात् जेम्स प्रथम में बुद्धिमानी तथा मूर्खता दोनों परस्पर विरोधी गुण बताए गए हैं।
Definition : In Oxymoron, we find the association of two words or phrases having opposite meanings.

Examples:
1. He is regularly irregular in the class.
2. She is feeling sweet pain.
3. The more haste, the less speed.
4. This is an open secret.
5. Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thoughts.

Note: इस अलंकार में प्राय: एक ही वस्तु या व्यक्ति में दो परस्पर विरोधी गुण दर्शाए जाते हैं और उन्हें अधिकतर जोड़े में प्रयोग करते हैं; जैसे-regularly irregular, bitter sweet, pleasing pain आदि।

7. ONOMATOPOEIA( ध्वनि अलंकार)

इसमें शब्द की ध्वनि से ही अर्थ स्पष्ट हो जाता है। प्रायः जानवरों, पक्षियों या कुछ प्राकृतिक वस्तुओं की ध्वनि के लिए अलग शब्दों का प्रयोग होता है जिनसे यह स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि यह ध्वनि किसकी है; जैसे-
1. I hear the humming of bees. (भिनभिनाहट)
2. The snakes hiss. (फुंकार मरना )
Definition : An Onomatopoeia consists in using a word similar to the sound.

Examples:
1. Urgent drum beat of destiny calls.
2. Get thee on boughs and clap thy wings.
3. I chatter, chatter as I flow. (Tennyson)
4. I heard the water lapping on the crag.
5. Cooing of doves is very pleasant.
6. A murmuring whisper through the nunnery ran.

Note: इस अलंकार को पहचानने के लिए Animals तथा Birds की आवाजों (Cries) का ज्ञान सहायक होगा क्योंकि उससे Animal या Bird की जानकारी हो जाती है; जैसे-
1. Cattle low.
2. Elephant trumpets.
3. A peacock screams.
4. A horse neighs.
5. A sheep bleats.

EXERCISE 1

Pick out the Figures of Speech in the following sentences:

1. I could lie down like a tired child,
And weep away the life of care.
2. The war of Love against folly and wrong.
3. He sneezed and cloud would break.
4. The news is dagger to my heart.
5. That in black ink my love may still shine bright.
6. O Wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being.
7. Whose conscience is his strong retreat.
8. O Grave! Where is thy victory.
9. Life is but a walking shadow.
10. Great lord of all things yet a prey to all.
11. She wept oceans of tears.
12. Hope is the poor man’s bread.
13. This is an open secret.
14. He is the moon of the family.
15. Errors like straws upon the surface flow.
16. Ethereal minstrel! pilgrim of the sky!
17. Life is like a dream.
18. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.
The lowing herd winds slowly over the lea.
19. As shines the moon in clouded skies,
She in her poor attire was seen.
20. Rivers of blood flowed in the battle field.
21. A murmuring whisper through the nunnery ran.
22. Revenge is a kind of wild justice.
23. But such a Tide as moving seems asleep.
24. The quality of mercy is not stained,
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven.
25. O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done.

Answers :
1. Simile,
2. Personification,
3. Hyperbole,
4. Metaphor,
5. Oxymoron,
6. Apostrophe,
7. Metaphor,
8. Apostrophe,
9. Metaphor,
10. Oxymoron,
11. Hyperbole,
12. Metaphor,
13. Oxymoron,
14. Metaphor,
15. Simile,
16. Apostrophe,
17. Simile,
18. Onomatopoeia,
19. Simile,
20. Hyperbole,
21. Onomatopoeia,
22. Metaphor,
23. Oxymoron,
24. Simile,
25. Apostrophe.

EXERCISE 2

Point out the Figures of Speech in the following sentences:

1. A load of learning lumbering in his head.
2. A pleasing pain is love.
3. A fleet of planes whirred above our heads.
4. Cowardly brave ! Yes, that describes him, because he fights only when he cannot
run away.
5. Cowards die many times before their death.
6. For death had illuminated the land of sleep,
And his lifeless body lay.
7. Frailty ! Thy name is woman.
8. Grunt, grunt, goes the hog.
9. He is a man of iron will.
10. He saw within the moonlight in his room,
An angel-like a lily in bloom.
11. Hitler’s mad policy let loose the dogs of war.
12. He sneezed and cloud would break.
13. His words pierced like an arrow.
14. He got a golden opportunity to pass the examination.
15. In the sunset of his days, Sir Winston Churchill was a pathetic figure. Or He is now in the sunset of his days.
16. I see a lily on thy brows.
17. I heard the rippling of water.
18. I heard buzzing of bees.
19. I am the daughter of earth and water.
20. King James I was known as the wisest fool in Christendom.

Answers :
1. Hyperbole,
2. Oxymoron,
3. Onomatopoeia,
4. Apostrophe,
5. Hyperbole
6. personification,
7. Apostrophe,
8. Onomatopoeia,
9. Metaphor,
10. Simile,
11. Personification,
12. Hyperbole,
13. Simile,
14. Metaphor,
15. Metaphor,
16. Metaphor,
17. Onomatopoeia,
18. Onomatopoeia,
19. Metaphor,
20. Oxymoron.

EXERCISE 3

Point out the Figures of Speech in the following sentences:

1. O.Solitude ! Where are thy charms.
2. Revenge is a kind of wild justice.
3. Rome, thou hast seen much better days.
4. The sea (waves) rose mountains high.
5. Truth sits upon the lips of a dying man.
6. The man in the cave had the strength of a thousand elephants.
7. That cowardly fellow had the heart of chickens.
8. Errors like straw upon the surface flow.
9. There is dagger in thy words.
10. The chair collapsed under the weight of mountainous philosopher.
11. The Himalayas wear frowning look which threatens a storm.
12. The sky shrunk upward with unusual dread.
And trembling Jamuna dived beneath its bed.
13. There rolls the sea where grew the tree.
O Earth, what changes hast thou seen.
14. That in black ink my love may still shine bright.
15. The murmuring of innumerable bees.
16. The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun.
17. The whispering waves were half asleep.
The clouds were gone to play.
18. The river glideth at its own sweet will.
19. Thus idly busy rolls their world away.
20. The moon veiled her face.

Answers :
1. Apostrophe,
2. Oxymoron,
3. Apostrophe,
4. Hyperbole,
5. Personification,
6. Hyperbole,
7. Metaphor,
8. Simile,
9. Metaphor,
10. Hyperbole,
11. Personification,
12. Hyperbole,
13. Apostrophe,
14. Oxymoron,
15. Onomatopoeia,
16. Metaphor,
17. Personification,
18. Personification,
19. Oxymoron,
20. Personification.

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